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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
Antiprotozoal Agents01:21

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...

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Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
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Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Published on: January 3, 2018

3,4,5-Trinitropyrazole-based energetic salts.

Yanqiang Zhang1, Yong Guo, Young-Hyuk Joo

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|July 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

New nitrogen-rich energetic salts featuring the 3,4,5-trinitropyrazolate anion exhibit high density and detonation performance comparable to TATB. These novel compounds demonstrate insensitivity to impact, making them promising candidates for advanced energetic materials.

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Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
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Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Energetic Materials

Background:

  • Development of high-density energetic materials is crucial for advanced applications.
  • Nitrogen-rich compounds offer potential for high energy output and tunable properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Synthesize and characterize novel high-density energetic salts.
  • Evaluate the performance and safety of these new compounds.
  • Compare their properties with established energetic materials like TATB.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis via neutralization or metathesis reactions.
  • Characterization using NMR, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and elemental analysis.
  • Structural confirmation via single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
  • Performance prediction using Cheetah 5.0 based on density and heat of formation.
  • Impact sensitivity testing using hammer tests.

Main Results:

  • High yield synthesis of nitrogen-rich energetic salts with the 3,4,5-trinitropyrazolate anion.
  • Structural elucidation of 3,5-diaminotriazolium and triaminoguanidinium 3,4,5-trinitropyrazolates.
  • Detonation performances comparable to TATB (pressure: 23.74-31.89 GPa; velocity: 7586-8543 ms(-1)).
  • Impact sensitivities determined to be no less than 35 J, indicating insensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized 3,4,5-trinitropyrazolate salts are high-density energetic materials with promising performance characteristics.
  • Their insensitivity to impact suggests a favorable safety profile for practical applications.
  • These novel salts represent a significant advancement in the field of insensitive high-energy materials.