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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models
10:09

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models

Published on: October 9, 2014

Hinged external fixation of the elbow.

Neal C Chen1, Abhishek Julka

  • 1Medsport, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive Lobby A, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-0391, USA. chenneal@med.umich.edu

Hand Clinics
|July 31, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Hinged external fixation offers stable elbow joint support while allowing continued motion. This technique is indicated for various instabilities, including post-traumatic and post-surgical cases, aiding in ulnohumeral joint stability.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Elbow joint instability presents significant challenges in orthopedic treatment.
  • Traditional fixation methods may limit joint mobility, impacting patient recovery.
  • The need for stable yet mobile fixation in elbow injuries is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the benefits of hinged external fixation for elbow joint stabilization.
  • To outline the primary indications for employing this fixation method.
  • To emphasize the importance of surgeon familiarity with hinged fixators for unstable ulnohumeral joints.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical applications and indications for hinged external elbow fixation.
  • Description of the biomechanical advantages of static fixation combined with dynamic joint motion.
  • Case examples illustrating use in traumatic instability, arthroplasty, contracture release, and heterotopic ossification excision.

Main Results:

  • Hinged external fixation successfully combines static stability with controlled joint motion.
  • Effective management of post-traumatic elbow instability.
  • Successful application in cases of instability following contracture release and heterotopic ossification excision.

Conclusions:

  • Hinged external fixation is a valuable technique for managing unstable elbow joints.
  • It offers a superior alternative by preserving joint motion alongside stability.
  • Orthopedic surgeons must be proficient in using hinged fixators for optimal patient outcomes.