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IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
10:03

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: June 27, 2014

Following a chemical reaction using high-harmonic interferometry.

H J Wörner1, J B Bertrand, D V Kartashov

  • 1Joint Laboratory for Attosecond Science, National Research Council of Canada and University of Ottawa, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.

Nature
|July 31, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-harmonic spectroscopy reveals molecular dynamics with attosecond precision. This technique uses coherent X-rays to image chemical reactions, capturing both structural changes and electronic behavior in real-time.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum dynamics
  • Molecular spectroscopy
  • Attosecond science

Background:

  • Molecular reactions are typically studied on femtosecond timescales using pump-probe laser spectroscopy.
  • Existing methods like X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction lack spectral selection capabilities.
  • High-harmonic spectroscopy offers a novel approach to imaging chemical reactions at unprecedented temporal resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the advantage of spectral selection in high-harmonic spectroscopy for studying molecular dynamics.
  • To develop a method for extracting structural and electronic information from chemical reactions.
  • To achieve attosecond-level temporal resolution in observing molecular dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing attosecond high-harmonic generation for its coherent properties.
  • Employing a transient grating technique to observe dynamics against unexcited molecules acting as local oscillators.
  • Extracting structural information from emission amplitude via quantum interference and electron scattering.
  • Recording attosecond electron dynamics and evolving electronic structure from emission phase.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the ability to reconstruct the amplitude and phase of molecular emission.
  • Extracted structural information by analyzing the amplitude, encoding internuclear separation.
  • Observed attosecond dynamics of electrons, revealing evolving ionization potentials.
  • Documented a sub-attosecond temporal shift in molecular geometry for Br(2).

Conclusions:

  • High-harmonic spectroscopy, leveraging coherence, overcomes spectral selection limitations for studying molecular reactions.
  • This technique provides high time resolution for probing coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics.
  • It is well-suited for characterizing transition states and electronic structures in photochemical reactions.