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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase C—inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate...
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors have equal affinities for...
Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification01:27

Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification

Adrenergic receptors, or adrenoceptors, respond to the autonomic neurotransmitter noradrenaline and other endogenous catecholamine agonists. They are classified into two main families, α and β, based on their pharmacological response and are further subdivided depending on their location, elicited response, and affinity to specific agonists or antagonists.
α-Adrenoceptors
α-Adrenoceptors are classified into two main subtypes: α1 and α2. The α1 adrenoceptors, which are found on postsynaptic...
Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic01:15

Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic

Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by acetylcholine and nicotine. Upon activation, they cause a rapid increase in the permeability of cells to K+, Na+, and Ca2+, followed by depolarization and excitation. They are in the autonomic ganglia, skeletal neuromuscular junction, CNS, and adrenal medulla.
There are two types of nicotinic receptors: neuromuscular (NM/NM/N1) and neuronal (NN/NN/N2). The two families differ based on their location and selectivity to...
Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic01:25

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic

The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
The subtypes M1, M3, and M5 couple with the Gq subunit and activate the phospholipase C (PLC) activity, mobilizing intracellular Ca2+. Activation...
Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

Regulation of Heart Rates

The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The SNS increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action increases the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's...

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Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology
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Dopamine receptor subtypes in the native human heart.

Carlo Cavallotti1, Massimo Mancone, Paolo Bruzzone

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy.

Heart and Vessels
|August 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study identified dopamine receptor subtypes D1, D2, D4, and D5 in the human heart. These receptors are present in the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium, offering insights into cardiac function and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Dopamine receptors play crucial roles in various physiological processes.
  • Their presence and specific distribution within the human heart remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simultaneously detect and characterize dopamine receptor subtypes (D1-D5) in native human cardiac tissues.
  • To investigate the distribution patterns of these receptor subtypes within the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis were employed to identify dopamine receptor subtypes.
  • Morphometrical quantification using an image analyzer was performed to assess receptor density.
  • Samples were obtained from four native human hearts of young brain-dead donors.

Main Results:

  • Dopamine receptor subtypes D1, D2, D4, and D5 were detected in human cardiac tissues.
  • These receptors are distributed across the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium.
  • D1 receptors showed a primary localization in the epicardial layer, with varying densities across cardiac structures and a transmural gradient observed.

Conclusions:

  • The human heart expresses specific dopamine receptor subtypes (D1, D2, D4, D5) with distinct distribution patterns.
  • These findings establish a foundation for understanding the role of cardiac dopamine receptors in normal heart function and cardiovascular disease pathogenesis.