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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Evaluation of Stem Cell Therapies in a Bilateral Patellar Tendon Injury Model in Rats

Evaluation of Stem Cell Therapies in a Bilateral Patellar Tendon Injury Model in Rats

Published on: March 30, 2018

The patellar tendon bar! Is it a necessary feature?

N A Abu Osman¹, W D Spence, S E Solomonidis

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. azuan@um.edu.my

Medical Engineering & Physics

|August 4, 2010

Summary

Altering the patellar tendon bar position had no significant effect on socket pressure distribution in trans-tibial amputees. This finding suggests the patellar tendon bar may be an unnecessary component in socket design.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Evaluation of Stem Cell Therapies in a Bilateral Patellar Tendon Injury Model in Rats

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Published on: March 30, 2018

A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies

A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies

Published on: July 4, 2017

Area of Science:

Prosthetics and Orthotics
Biomedical Engineering
Biomechanics

Background:

Trans-tibial prosthetics aim to optimize stump-socket interface for comfort and function.
Understanding pressure distribution is crucial for effective prosthetic socket design.
The role of the patellar tendon bar in pressure management requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of varying patellar tendon bar load on pressure distribution at the stump-socket interface.
To determine the significance of the patellar tendon bar's position in trans-tibial socket pressure patterns.

Main Methods:

Utilized strain gauge and electrohydraulic technologies for pressure measurements.
Developed and constructed specialized measuring systems.
Employed a patellar tendon (PT) transducer attached to the socket's patellar tendon bar, allowing +/-10 mm translation.

Main Results:

The position of the patellar tendon bar demonstrated no significant impact on the overall pressure distribution within the prosthetic socket.
Analysis indicated that variations in PT bar position did not alter pressure patterns at the stump-socket interface.

Conclusions:

The patellar tendon bar appears to be an unnecessary feature in the current trans-tibial socket design.
Eliminating the patellar tendon bar during socket manufacture could potentially streamline the design and production process.