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Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Generation of Cancer Cell Clones to Visualize Telomeric Repeat-containing RNA TERRA Expressed from a Single Telomere in Living Cells

Generation of Cancer Cell Clones to Visualize Telomeric Repeat-containing RNA TERRA Expressed from a Single Telomere in Living Cells

Published on: January 17, 2019

Telomeric repeat-containing RNA structure in living cells.

Yan Xu¹, Yuta Suzuki, Kenichiro Ito

¹Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan. xuyan@mkomi.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|August 4, 2010

Summary

Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) forms a parallel G-quadruplex structure in living human cells. This TERRA G-quadruplex is found to localize to telomere DNA, offering new insights into telomere biology.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Generation of Cancer Cell Clones to Visualize Telomeric Repeat-containing RNA TERRA Expressed from a Single Telomere in Living Cells

Generation of Cancer Cell Clones to Visualize Telomeric Repeat-containing RNA TERRA Expressed from a Single Telomere in Living Cells

Published on: January 17, 2019

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) is a noncoding RNA found in mammalian cells.
The structural characteristics and function of human TERRA at chromosome ends are not fully understood.
TERRA may play a crucial role in telomere maintenance and regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the in vivo structural features of human TERRA RNA.
To provide evidence for the existence and localization of TERRA structures within living cells.

Main Methods:

Utilized a light-switching pyrene probe to analyze TERRA structure in live cells.
Employed imaging experiments to determine the cellular localization of TERRA structures.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that human TERRA RNA forms a parallel G-quadruplex structure in living cells.
Provided in vivo evidence for the G-quadruplex formation in human TERRA.
Showed that TERRA RNA G-quadruplexes specifically localize to telomere DNA within cell nuclei.

Conclusions:

Human TERRA RNA adopts a parallel G-quadruplex structure in vivo.
TERRA G-quadruplexes are located at telomeres, suggesting a direct role in telomere structure and function.
These findings enhance the understanding of TERRA's structure and its contribution to telomere biology.