MR imaging and biomedical implants, materials, and devices: an updated review

Certain ferromagnetic metallic implants, materials, and devices are regarded as contraindications for magnetic resonance imaging, primarily because of the risks associated with their movement or dislodgment. More than 40 publications have reported the ferromagnetic qualities of 261 different metallic objects (aneurysm and hemostatic clips, 32; carotid artery vascular clamps, five; dental devices or materials, 16; heart valve prostheses, 29; intravascular coils, filters, and stents, 14; ocular implants, 12; orthopedic implants, materials, and devices, 15; otologic implants, 56; pellets and bullets, 23; penile implants, nine; vascular access ports, 33; and miscellaneous, 17) on the basis of measurements of deflection forces or attraction during exposure to static magnetic fields at strengths of 0.147-4.7 T. The results of these studies are listed with respect to the specific object tested, the material used to construct the object (if known), whether or not the object was deflected or moved during exposure to the static magnetic field, and the highest static magnetic field strength used for testing the object.