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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet cell...
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice
10:37

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice

Published on: January 16, 2015

Cervicofacial emphysema.

Amer Saleem1, Aneela Chaudhary, Muhammad Usman Ali

  • 1Department of Pulmonology, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. amersaleemmalik@gmail.com

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP
|August 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A young girl developed cervicofacial emphysema after a fall due to a nasopharyngeal mucosal tear. This rare condition caused significant swelling and subcutaneous emphysema in her head, neck, and arm.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice
10:37

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice

Published on: January 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Medicine
  • Pediatrics
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Cervicofacial emphysema is a rare condition characterized by the presence of air in the subcutaneous tissues of the head and neck.
  • It can occur secondary to trauma, surgery, or spontaneous events.

Observation:

  • A young female patient presented with progressive swelling of the face, neck, and right arm following a fall.
  • Physical examination revealed crepitus in the affected areas, indicative of subcutaneous emphysema.
  • Imaging studies, including CT scans, identified a communication between the nasopharynx and the subcutaneous emphysema.

Findings:

  • Video-endoscopy of the pharynx revealed a tear in the nasopharyngeal mucosa.
  • This tear functioned as a one-way valve, allowing air to enter the subcutaneous tissues and leading to cervicofacial emphysema.
  • The mechanism suggests a ball-valve effect contributing to air trapping.

Implications:

  • This case highlights a rare etiology of cervicofacial emphysema in a pediatric patient.
  • Understanding the one-way valve mechanism is crucial for diagnosis and management of similar cases.
  • Prompt diagnosis and identification of the communication pathway are essential to prevent complications.