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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Establishment and Validation of a Rat Model of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Pulmonary Fibrosis
Published on: May 23, 2025
Progress in investigating the pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome
Zhao-Jie Zhang1, Chang-Qing Yang
1Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Background:
The pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome is complicated and remains unknown. This review aims to provide an updated knowledge about the pathogenesis of the syndrome.
Data Sources:
Five medical databases, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, OVID, Springer Link, and Wiley InterScience were searched for articles on "hepatopulmonary syndrome", "cirrhosis", "angiogenesis", "intestinal endotoxemia", "nitric oxide", "carbon monoxide", and other related subjects.
Results:
Currently, imbalance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction, intestinal bacterial translocation, intestinal endotoxemia, and activation of the lung monocyte/macrophage system may play important roles in the pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome. Recent studies found that angiogenesis is also an important factor in the pathogenesis of experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Conclusion:
Angiogenesis inhibition may be a potential approach for the treatment of hepatopulmonary syndrome in the future.
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