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A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons
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The two-hour marathon: who and when?

M J Joyner1, J R Ruiz, A Lucia

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. joyner.michael@mayo.edu

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|August 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Breaking the 2-hour marathon barrier requires exceptional running economy and a small physique, often developed through early high-altitude exposure and intense training. While East Africans are favored, historical running dominance shows regional variations are common.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Human Physiology
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • Achieving elite marathon times, such as breaking the 2-hour barrier, is influenced by multiple physiological and environmental factors.
  • Historical analysis reveals periods of regional dominance in distance running, suggesting that specific geographic or genetic factors may play a role.
  • Understanding the interplay of factors like VO2max, running economy, body size, and environmental exposures is crucial for elite performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the physiological and environmental prerequisites for achieving sub-2-hour marathon times.
  • To examine the historical context of regional dominance in elite distance running.
  • To identify knowledge gaps concerning the relationships between maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), running economy, body composition, and metabolic/thermoregulatory responses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on elite marathon runners and physiological performance metrics.
  • Analysis of historical trends in distance running performance across different regions.
  • Identification of key physiological variables (e.g., VO2max, running economy, body size) relevant to extreme endurance performance.

Main Results:

  • Outstanding running economy and small body size are likely characteristics of runners breaking 2 hours.
  • Early life exposure to high altitude and significant physical activity are probable contributing factors.
  • No single factor or genotype appears obligatory, and historical regional dominance in running is a recurring phenomenon.

Conclusions:

  • While East Africans are currently favored to break the 2-hour marathon, physiological research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions influencing this feat.
  • Further investigation into the links between VO2max, running economy, body size, thermoregulation, and fuel utilization is warranted.
  • Understanding these physiological underpinnings can inform training and talent identification for future endurance athletes.