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Related Concept Videos

Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Sample Size Calculation01:19

Sample Size Calculation

Knowledge of the sample size is the first requirement to conduct random sampling or an experiment. The sample size is the total number of units, observations, or groups (in some cases) used to get the data to estimate a population parameter. As the name suggests, the sample size is that of the sample drawn from the population and differs from the population size.
The sample size for the given experiment or sampling effort is fundamental to any study design. Sample size decides the number of...
Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Microbial Control and Monitoring Strategies for Cleanroom Environments and Cellular Therapies
09:30

Microbial Control and Monitoring Strategies for Cleanroom Environments and Cellular Therapies

Published on: March 17, 2023

Randomisation and sample size for clinical audit on infection control.

I Fournel1, M Tiv, C Hua

  • 1Hospital Hygiene and Epidemiology Unit, Hôpital du Bocage, Dijon, France. isabelle.fournel@chu-dijon.fr

The Journal of Hospital Infection
|August 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Clinical audit is crucial for infection control. To estimate compliance rates cost-effectively, focus audits on numerous wards rather than intensive reviews of a few.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Microbial Control and Monitoring Strategies for Cleanroom Environments and Cellular Therapies
09:30

Microbial Control and Monitoring Strategies for Cleanroom Environments and Cellular Therapies

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Healthcare Management
  • Infection Prevention and Control
  • Clinical Audit Methodology

Background:

  • Clinical audit is integral to clinical governance and infection prevention.
  • Audits typically sample a portion of the target population, requiring representative and statistically sufficient samples.
  • Hospital infection control practices exhibit a cluster effect within clinical areas, impacting sample size calculations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine optimal clinical audit strategies for estimating hospital-wide compliance rates.
  • To provide cost-effective methods for infection control audits.
  • To address sample size considerations in the presence of cluster effects.

Main Methods:

  • Discusses sample size determination based on desired precision, observed vs. expected rates, or pre- and post-intervention differences.
  • Proposes a strategy for estimating hospital-wide compliance rates by auditing a large number of wards with fewer observations per ward.
  • Contrasts this with auditing fewer wards with more observations per ward.

Main Results:

  • Suggests that a broad audit across many wards is more cost-effective for estimating hospital-wide compliance.
  • This approach may yield a more accurate overall estimate without increased costs.
  • Minimizes the impact of the cluster effect by distributing observations.

Conclusions:

  • Focusing clinical audits on a larger number of wards, even with fewer observations per ward, is recommended for cost-effective hospital-wide compliance estimation.
  • This strategy enhances the representativeness of the audit sample.
  • It provides a practical approach to infection prevention and control audits.