Are fast interceptive actions continuously guided by vision? Revisiting Bootsma and van Wieringen (1990)

In an influential study, R. J. Bootsma and P. C. W. van Wieringen (1990) argued that 2 of their 5 participants used visual information continuously during the attacking forehand drive in table tennis, its brief duration vis-à-vis the visuomotor delay notwithstanding. The authors repeated Bootsma and van Wieringen's experiment and included a condition in which vision was obscured after drive initiation. The authors replicated most of Bootsma and van Wieringen's findings but found no significant differences between the full-vision and no-vision conditions, which goes against the interpretation of these findings as evidence for continuous visual guidance. A subsequent simulation study found that a single preprogrammed muscle stimulation pattern resulted in spatiotemporal convergence similar to that observed experimentally but not in other important behavioral characteristics. The results contain no indications that visual information that becomes available after drive initiation affects arm motion and suggest that a form of model-based predictive control is operative rather than continuous visual guidance.