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Related Concept Videos

Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Coronavirus01:29

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...
Herpes01:28

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...
Bacteriophages of the Human Virome01:23

Bacteriophages of the Human Virome

Bacteriophages are found throughout the human body. They may even outnumber eukaryotic viruses, forming an important and dynamic component of the human virome. Indeed, phages represent the most abundant viral entities, with densities in the gut reaching up to 10⁹ particles per gram of fecal matter, and many belonging to orders such as Caudovirales and Microviridae, while a substantial proportion remains unclassified as viral “dark matter.”Lysogeny and Genetic ExchangeIn the gut, bacteriophages...

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Correction: Subramoney et al. Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 during Five COVID-19 Waves and the Significance of Low-Frequency Lineages. <i>Viruses</i> 2023, <i>15</i>, 1194.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

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Understanding Human Coronavirus HCoV-NL63.

Sahar Abdul-Rasool1, Burtram C Fielding

  • 1Anatomy Cluster, Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa.

The Open Virology Journal
|August 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) causes significant respiratory illness, particularly in children and the immunocompromised. This review covers its identification, characteristics, and impact on public health.

Keywords:
Human coronavirus HCOV-NL63clinical featuresdiagnosis.pathogenesis

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) can cause severe disease, as demonstrated by SARS-CoV.
  • A novel HCoV, HCoV-NL63, was identified in 2004 from an infant with respiratory symptoms.
  • HCoV-NL63 has a worldwide distribution and affects vulnerable populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 infections.
  • To summarize key aspects including isolation, taxonomy, genome, pathogenesis, and diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HCoV-NL63.
  • Analysis of isolation, genetic, and clinical data.
  • Synthesis of information on transmission and detection.

Main Results:

  • HCoV-NL63 is a significant cause of respiratory diseases, accounting for up to 10% of cases.
  • Infections primarily affect children and immunocompromised individuals.
  • Symptoms range from mild upper respiratory illness to severe lower respiratory tract conditions like bronchiolitis and croup.

Conclusions:

  • HCoV-NL63 is an important human pathogen with global reach.
  • Understanding its characteristics is crucial for diagnosis and control.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate its impact and develop targeted interventions.