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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
07:56

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

Published on: November 30, 2022

Mitophagy and mitoptosis in disease processes.

Dalibor Mijaljica, Mark Prescott, Rodney J Devenish

    Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
    |August 12, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Mitochondria are vital for cell function and survival. Cellular processes like mitophagy and mitoptosis clear damaged mitochondria, and their efficiency impacts disease development.

    Area of Science:

    • Cell Biology
    • Mitochondrial Biology
    • Pathogenesis

    Background:

    • Mitochondria are central to cellular metabolism, energy production, reactive oxygen species generation, and cell death.
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to severe cellular consequences.
    • Impaired mitochondria must be cleared to maintain cellular homeostasis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the critical roles of mitochondria in cellular health and disease.
    • To explain the cellular mechanisms for removing damaged mitochondria: mitophagy and mitoptosis.
    • To underscore the link between the efficiency of these clearance processes and disease pathogenesis.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of cellular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial quality control.
    • Analysis of the roles of mitophagy and mitoptosis in cellular homeostasis.

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    In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
    08:40

    In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

    Published on: November 22, 2017

    Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima
    09:13

    Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima

    Published on: August 12, 2018

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    Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

    Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
    07:56

    Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

    Published on: November 30, 2022

    In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
    08:40

    In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

    Published on: November 22, 2017

    Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima
    09:13

    Sensitive Measurement of Mitophagy by Flow Cytometry Using the pH-dependent Fluorescent Reporter mt-Keima

    Published on: August 12, 2018

  • Examination of the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to disease.

    • Main Results:

    • Mitochondria are essential for energy production and also implicated in cell death pathways.
    • Mitophagy and mitoptosis are key cellular pathways for degrading damaged mitochondria.
    • Dysfunction in these clearance pathways is linked to the development of various diseases.

    Conclusions:

    • Mitochondrial integrity is crucial for overall cellular function.
    • Mitophagy and mitoptosis are vital protective mechanisms against mitochondrial damage.
    • Defects in mitochondrial clearance pathways are potential contributors to disease pathogenesis.