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Related Concept Videos

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate01:12

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate

The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
Chemical Bonds02:40

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
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Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete01:16

Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

The dynamic modulus of elasticity assesses how a concrete structure deforms under impact or dynamic loads. It is typically higher than the static modulus of elasticity, measured under slow, steady loading conditions.
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Tensile Strength Considerations of Concrete01:16

Tensile Strength Considerations of Concrete

Considering the tensile strength of concrete involves recognizing that the theoretical strength of cement paste can be up to a thousand times higher than what is observed in practical applications. This significant discrepancy is largely attributed to the presence of microscopic cracks within the concrete. These cracks tend to amplify stress at their tips when a load is applied, a phenomenon explained by Griffith's theory of brittle fracture.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives
08:40

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives

Published on: May 17, 2020

Dynamic versus static bond-strength testing of adhesive interfaces.

André Poitevin1, Jan De Munck, Marcio Vivan Cardoso

  • 1Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium.

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|August 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic fatigue testing better predicts clinical effectiveness than static bond strength tests for dental adhesives. The 3-step etch-and-rinse adhesive demonstrated superior bonding effectiveness across all tested conditions.

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Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices
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Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Published on: January 17, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives
08:40

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives

Published on: May 17, 2020

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices
04:54

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Published on: January 17, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Adhesive Dentistry
  • Biomaterials Engineering

Background:

  • Static bond-strength tests are limited in predicting clinical performance of dental adhesives due to unrealistic loading conditions.
  • Dynamic fatigue testing is proposed as a more clinically relevant method to assess adhesive longevity and effectiveness.
  • Understanding the fatigue resistance of different adhesive systems is crucial for improving clinical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the micro-tensile fatigue resistance (μTFR) of three dental adhesives bonded to dentin.
  • To compare the μTFR of these adhesives with their static micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS).
  • To assess the influence of water storage on the fatigue performance of the adhesives.

Main Methods:

  • Three adhesives were tested: OptiBond FL (3-step etch-and-rinse, 3-E&Ra), Clearfil SE (2-step self-etch, 2-SEa), and G-Bond (1-step self-etch, 1-SEa).
  • Micro-specimens underwent dynamic fatigue testing at 2Hz and 10Hz, and static μTBS testing.
  • Fatigue tests were conducted until failure or 10^4 cycles, with some tested after 3-month water storage at 2Hz.

Main Results:

  • The 1-step self-etch adhesive (1-SEa) showed significantly lower μTFR at 10Hz and μTBS compared to the 2-SEa and 3-E&Ra.
  • At 2Hz after 3-month water storage, 1-SEa and 2-SEa exhibited lower μTFR than 3-E&Ra.
  • No significant differences in μTFR were observed between adhesives at 2Hz after 1-week water storage.

Conclusions:

  • The 3-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (3-E&Ra) demonstrated the highest bonding effectiveness, regardless of the testing method or condition.
  • Static micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) testing remains a reliable method for ranking the bonding effectiveness of contemporary dental adhesives.