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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
10:00

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Published on: March 24, 2015

Resistance to interferons.

Julian L Ambrus1, Wlodzimierz Dembinski, Kunal Chadha

  • 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo General Hospital-Kaleida Health System, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.

Discovery Medicine
|August 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interferons (IFNs) are proteins that fight viruses and modulate the immune system. These antiviral proteins have therapeutic applications for viral infections, cancers, and multiple sclerosis.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

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Published on: March 24, 2015

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Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;
08:26

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-α

Published on: June 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Interferons (IFNs) are a group of related proteins discovered in 1957.
  • They are produced in response to viruses or double-stranded RNA, inducing an antiviral state in cells.
  • Beyond antiviral activity, IFNs exhibit immunomodulatory and anti-proliferative effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery and biological activities of interferons.
  • To highlight the therapeutic applications of interferons in various diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of interferon research since their discovery.
  • Analysis of interferon structure, function, and gene families.
  • Examination of clinical applications and species specificity.

Main Results:

  • Human interferon-alpha comprises at least 23 polypeptides from related genes.
  • Interferons display significant species specificity, with notable exceptions like human IFN-alpha on bovine cells.
  • IFNs are clinically used for viral infections, multiple sclerosis, and cancers like hematologic malignancies and AIDS-related complications.

Conclusions:

  • Interferons possess diverse biological activities, including antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-proliferative functions.
  • Their therapeutic potential is established for a range of viral diseases, autoimmune disorders, and malignancies.
  • Ongoing research continues to identify new interferon genes and applications.