Management of the failed AC joint reconstruction: causation and treatment

With recent studies showing improved biomechanical behavior of anatomic acromioclavicular joint reconstructions, these techniques are more frequently being performed. With both the more historic methods of fixation such as coracoacromial ligament transfer along with the newer anatomic reconstruction, potential for failure exists. However, there is a paucity of literature addressing these failures and possible treatment options. The purpose of this review is to report cases of failed reconstructions, describe failure mechanisms, and propose treatment options.