Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Test of Independence

Introduction to Test of Independence

In statistics, the term independence means that one can directly obtain the probability of any event involving both variables by multiplying their individual probabilities. Tests of independence are chi-square tests involving the use of a contingency table of observed (data) values.
The test statistic for a test of independence is similar to that of a goodness-of-fit test:

The Integral Test

The Integral Test

The Integral Test is a method for determining whether an infinite series converges or diverges by comparing the series to an improper integral. It is especially useful when the terms of a series are difficult to add directly, but they follow the values of a related continuous function. Instead of summing infinitely many discrete terms one by one, the test studies the area under a curve that represents the same pattern of decrease.A glow stick provides a useful example of this idea. After...

Trial and Error and Algorithm

Trial and Error and Algorithm

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. Different strategies have distinct action plans. Trial and error involves trying different solutions until one works. For instance, to fix a broken printer, you might check ink levels, ensure the paper tray isn't jammed, and verify the printer's connection to your laptop. This method can be time-consuming but is commonly used. Thomas Edison, for example, used trial and error to find a suitable filament for the light bulb,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effectiveness of WHO mhGAP-IG in identification and management of depression by primary level non-specialist health workers - protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial from India.

BMC public health·2026

Same author

Psychosocial Support for Siblings of Individuals with Autism: Insights from a Scoping Review.

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2026

Same author

Smartphone app-based Integrated Cognitive Control Training for Anxiety Disorders: Study protocol for a Multi-site Randomized Control Trial.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Same author

The WPA Section on Genetics in Psychiatry: scientific progress and clinical translation.

World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA)·2025

Same author

Undetected comorbidities in older adults with serious mental illness, and opportunities for screening - A cross-sectional study from Kerala.

Indian journal of psychiatry·2025

Same author

A Study Protocol of Primary Prevention Interventions for Substance Use and Suicide Prevention Among Youth in Kashmir: Development, Administration, and Evaluation.

Indian journal of psychological medicine·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

Published on: November 23, 2019

The trail making test in India.

Triptish Bhatia¹, Vandana Shriharsh, Saurabh Adlakha

¹Department of Psychiatry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi - 110 001, India.

Indian Journal of Psychiatry

|August 17, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The English Trail Making Test (TMT) took longer for non-English speakers in India than expected. This suggests potential bias when using English cognitive tests on diverse populations.

Keywords:

Cognitive dysfunction schizophrenia trail making test

More Related Videos

Screening People on Standing Balance with Romberg Testing and Walking Balance with Tandem Walking

Screening People on Standing Balance with Romberg Testing and Walking Balance with Tandem Walking

Published on: September 1, 2023

Development and Implementation of a Multi-Disciplinary Technology Enhanced Care Pathway for Youth and Adults with Concussion

Development and Implementation of a Multi-Disciplinary Technology Enhanced Care Pathway for Youth and Adults with Concussion

Published on: January 20, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

Published on: November 23, 2019

Screening People on Standing Balance with Romberg Testing and Walking Balance with Tandem Walking

Screening People on Standing Balance with Romberg Testing and Walking Balance with Tandem Walking

Published on: September 1, 2023

Development and Implementation of a Multi-Disciplinary Technology Enhanced Care Pathway for Youth and Adults with Concussion

Development and Implementation of a Multi-Disciplinary Technology Enhanced Care Pathway for Youth and Adults with Concussion

Published on: January 20, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuropsychology
Cognitive Assessment
Cross-cultural Psychology

Background:

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a widely used cognitive assessment tool.
Neuropsychological tests are often developed for and normed on English-speaking populations.
Normative data may not generalize across different ethnic and linguistic groups, potentially introducing bias.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of administering an English-language cognitive test to a primarily non-English-speaking population.
To assess potential systematic bias in cognitive test performance due to language barriers.

Main Methods:

The English version of the Trail Making Test (TMT) was administered to 120 outpatients at a dermatology clinic in India.
Participants also completed the modified mini-mental status examination and a general knowledge test.
Completion times for the TMT were recorded and analyzed.

Main Results:

Participants exhibited unexpectedly long completion times for the Trail Making Test (TMT).
Despite delayed TMT performance, all subjects scored within normal limits on the modified mini-mental status examination and general knowledge tests.
This discrepancy highlights a potential issue with the TMT's applicability in this population.

Conclusions:

The standard English Trail Making Test (TMT) may not be a culturally or linguistically appropriate measure for primarily non-English-speaking individuals.
Language barriers can significantly impact performance on cognitive tests, even when overall cognitive function appears normal.
Further research is needed to develop and validate culturally sensitive cognitive assessments for diverse populations.