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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.

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Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
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Studies on the relation between the diffusion process and optical properties in Ti-diffused planar optical

R Dahan, N Croitoru, S Ruschin

    Applied Optics
    |August 19, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study explores titanium diffusion kinetics in Y-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3). Researchers established an empirical relationship between initial titanium thickness and refractive index change, crucial for optical device fabrication.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Solid-State Physics
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a key material for integrated optics and nonlinear optics.
    • Understanding diffusion kinetics is essential for fabricating optical waveguides and devices.
    • Titanium (Ti) in-diffusion is a common method for creating optical waveguides in LiNbO3.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the kinetics of titanium diffusion into Y-cut lithium niobate.
    • To characterize the optical properties of Ti-diffused LiNbO3.
    • To establish a relationship between Ti diffusion parameters and the resulting refractive index change.

    Main Methods:

    • Diffusion process studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES).
    • Optical characterization performed via end-fire and prism coupling of light at various wavelengths.
    • Diffusion equation solved using a Gaussian profile to determine diffusion constants and activation energy.

    Main Results:

    • The diffusion constant and activation energy for Ti diffusion in Y-cut LiNbO3 were determined.
    • An empirical relationship was derived between the initial Ti film thickness and the change in extraordinary refractive index.
    • Optical measurements were correlated with numerical theoretical calculations.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides quantitative data on Ti diffusion kinetics in Y-cut LiNbO3.
    • The established empirical relation aids in the design and fabrication of optical waveguides with specific refractive index profiles.
    • This research contributes to the optimization of LiNbO3-based photonic devices.