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Related Concept Videos

Passive Filters01:27

Passive Filters

Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are designed to transmit signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, ωc, and attenuate those above it. The cutoff frequency...
Energy Stored In A Coaxial Cable01:31

Energy Stored In A Coaxial Cable

A coaxial cable consists of a central copper conductor used for transmitting signals, followed by an insulator shield, a metallic braided mesh that prevents signal interference, and a plastic layer that encases the entire assembly.
In the simplest form, a coaxial cable can be represented by two long hollow concentric cylinders in which the current flows in opposite directions. The magnetic field inside and outside the coaxial cable is determined by using Ampère's law. The magnetic field inside...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Transmission Line Design Considerations01:23

Transmission Line Design Considerations

Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water
08:06

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

Published on: November 8, 2018

Passive optical fiber star coupler.

A Brockmeyer, J Coutandin, W Groh

    Applied Optics
    |August 20, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new fabrication method creates fused polymer optical fiber star couplers using a heat shrink sleeve. This innovation yields low-cost, high-port-count devices with minimal signal loss and uniform performance.

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    Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water
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    Published on: November 8, 2018

    Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy
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    A Silicon-tipped Fiber-optic Sensing Platform with High Resolution and Fast Response
    09:03

    A Silicon-tipped Fiber-optic Sensing Platform with High Resolution and Fast Response

    Published on: January 7, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Materials Science
    • Fiber Optics

    Background:

    • Optical fiber couplers are essential components in fiber optic networks.
    • Existing fabrication methods can be costly and complex, limiting scalability.
    • The demand for high-performance, cost-effective couplers with numerous ports is increasing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel fabrication technology for fused polymer optical fiber star couplers.
    • To achieve low-cost production of star couplers with a large number of ports.
    • To ensure high uniformity and low excess loss in the fabricated devices.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a new fusion technique for uncladded polymer optical fibers.
    • Utilizing a heat shrink sleeve to fuse fibers in the coupling region.
    • Characterization of the fabricated star couplers for performance metrics.

    Main Results:

    • Successful fabrication of fused polymer optical fiber star couplers.
    • Demonstration of low excess losses and high uniformity variation.
    • Realization of cost-effective star couplers with a large port count.

    Conclusions:

    • The new fabrication technology enables the production of advanced polymer optical fiber star couplers.
    • The developed method offers a viable solution for low-cost, high-performance optical components.
    • This advancement supports the expansion of fiber optic communication systems.