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Related Concept Videos

Peptide Bonds02:43

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
What are Proteins?01:28

What are Proteins?

Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins and polypeptides are interchangeably used to refer to long chains of amino acids. However, polypeptides have a molecular weight of fewer than 10,000 daltons, while proteins have greater molecular weight.  Polypeptides with less than 20 amino acids are called oligopeptides or simply peptides. Interactions among the constituent amino acid side chains of proteins help them fold into a stable 3-dimensional structure...
What are Proteins?01:55

What are Proteins?

Overview
Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
Peptide Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:33

Peptide Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry, also known as MS/MS or MS2, is an analytical technique that employs two mass analyzers. Essentially it is a series of mass spectrometers that helps isolate a particular biomolecule and then helps study its chemical properties.
This technique helps gather information regarding the protein from which the peptide was obtained and to study the peptides’ amino acid sequence. Identifying peptides from a complex mixture is an important component of the growing field of...
Protein Organization01:24

Protein Organization

Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular transport, catalysis, and structural support. Proteins have a hierarchical structure comprising at least three levels of organization: primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Some large proteins have a quaternary structure where individual protein subunits are linked together.
The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation
08:48

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Published on: January 26, 2016

Concepts for biologically active peptides.

Abba J Kastin1, Weihong Pan

  • 1Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. peptides@pbrc.edu

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|August 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights how research on biologically active peptides revolutionized central nervous system (CNS) understanding, revealing novel peptide actions and roles in brain function and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Peptide Biology
  • Central Nervous System (CNS) Research

Background:

  • Research on biologically active peptides in the CNS challenged existing dogmas.
  • Previous understanding was limited by prevalent, often incorrect, scientific doctrines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review paradigm-shifting concepts in CNS peptide research.
  • To highlight the refutation of established doctrines through novel findings.
  • To outline future directions in neuropeptide research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and ongoing laboratory findings.
  • Synthesis of evidence from various experimental approaches.
  • Analysis of peptide interactions within the CNS.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated hypothalamic and peripheral peptides acting on the brain.
  • Established that peptides cross the blood-brain barrier and have prolonged effects.
  • Showcased diverse peptide actions, including non-linear dose-responses and brain-derived antiopiates.
  • Identified astrocyte roles and specific mu-opiate receptor ligands.

Conclusions:

  • CNS peptide research has significantly influenced the field by introducing unconventional concepts.
  • Future research will focus on peptide interactions, cell-cell communication, and roles in diseases.
  • Advancements in peptidomics and gene silencing will drive new discoveries.