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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.01:25

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Interstitial lung diseases in children.

Annick Clement1, Nadia Nathan, Ralph Epaud

  • 1Pediatric Pulmonary Department, Reference Center for Rare Lung Diseases, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Inserm UMR S-938, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, F-75012 France. annick.clement@trs.aphp.fr

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
|August 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in children is a rare, chronic respiratory condition causing inflammation and fibrosis. Diagnosis requires careful evaluation, and while treatments exist, outcomes vary, with about 50% responding to corticosteroids.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Rare Respiratory Diseases
  • Interstitial Lung Disease

Background:

  • Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in children presents as a spectrum of rare, chronic respiratory disorders.
  • Characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of alveolar walls, ILD leads to significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Key clinical signs include dyspnea, diffuse chest radiograph infiltrates, and abnormal pulmonary function tests.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current concepts in the pathophysiology, etiology, and diagnosis of pediatric ILD.
  • To outline current therapeutic strategies for managing ILD in infants and children.
  • To provide a structured diagnostic approach for pediatric ILD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on pediatric interstitial lung disease.
  • Categorization of ILD causes into exposure-related, systemic disease-associated, alveolar structure disorder-associated, and infancy-specific ILD.
  • Discussion of diagnostic evaluations including clinical history, exposures, systemic diseases, and pulmonary function tests.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric ILD diagnosis requires a structured clinical evaluation and careful history.
  • Therapeutic options primarily involve anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anti-fibrotic drugs.
  • Mortality rate for pediatric ILD is approximately 15%, with about 50% showing favorable response to corticosteroids, often with sequelae.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric ILD is a complex group of rare diseases with significant health impacts.
  • A structured diagnostic approach and tailored therapeutic strategies are crucial for managing pediatric ILD.
  • Corticosteroid therapy offers a favorable response in half of the cases but long-term sequelae are common.