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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Multi-Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection in Gastric Cancer Based on Ion Semiconductor Sequencing Platform
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Gorham-Stout disease.

Andreas F Mavrogenis1, Constantinos P Zambirinis, Panayiotis A Dimitriadis

  • 1First Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Athens University, and Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances
|August 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gorham-Stout disease involves bone replacement by abnormal blood vessels, causing osteolysis. Current treatments are challenging, with INF-alpha showing the most promise due to its anti-angiogenic properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Biology
  • Bone Metabolism
  • Rare Diseases

Background:

  • Gorham-Stout disease is a rare, idiopathic condition.
  • Characterized by excessive proliferation of lymphatic and/or blood vessels replacing bone.
  • Leads to massive osteolysis and potential complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of Gorham-Stout disease.
  • To review diagnostic markers and clinical presentation.
  • To discuss current and potential treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Histological analysis revealing LYVE-1 positive lymphatic endothelium.
  • Identification of growth factors like PDGF-BB, VEGF-C, and VEGFR-3.
  • Radiographic assessment of osteolysis.

Main Results:

  • Patients present with pain, weakness, and bone loss.
  • Disease progression is common, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.
  • INF-alpha demonstrates anti-angiogenic effects and is currently the most effective agent.

Conclusions:

  • Gorham-Stout disease requires close monitoring due to its progressive nature.
  • Treatment remains challenging, with combined therapies showing limited success.
  • Further research is needed to evaluate newer agents like OK-432.