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Related Concept Videos

Margin of Error01:27

Margin of Error

The margin of error is also called the maximum error of an estimate. The margin of error is the maximum possible or expected difference between the observed sample parameter value and the actual population parameter value. For proportion, it is the maximum difference between the value of sample proportion obtained from the data and the true value of population proportion. As the true value of the population parameter is not known, the margin of error is calculated using the sample statistic.
Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Crossing over01:34

Crossing over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity
05:59

Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity

Published on: March 7, 2019

Mind the gap.

Kirk R Smith1, Jennifer L Peel

  • 1Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA. krksmith@berkeley.edu

Environmental Health Perspectives
|August 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A nonlinear relationship exists between inhaled PM(2.5) (particulate matter) dose and cardiovascular mortality. Reductions in air pollution offer greater public health benefits than reducing smoking, warranting further study.

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Published on: March 7, 2019

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • A consistent, nonlinear relationship between inhaled PM(2.5) (particulate matter) dose and cardiovascular disease mortality is observed across various exposure sources.
  • Sources include cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and ambient air pollution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the implications of the PM(2.5) dose-response relationship.
  • To identify knowledge gaps in understanding cardiovascular risks from combustion particle exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing data on PM(2.5) exposure and cardiovascular disease mortality.
  • Review of dose-response relationships across different exposure scenarios.

Main Results:

  • The exposure-response curve is steeper at lower doses, explaining inconsistent risk observations.
  • A significant evidence gap exists between ETS and active smoking dose ranges.

Conclusions:

  • Public health benefits are greater from reducing lower-dose exposures (e.g., air pollution) compared to active smoking.
  • Urgent epidemiologic studies are needed for indoor biomass burning exposures in developing countries due to potential risks.