Understanding GLP-1 analogs and enhancing patients success

Recent research into the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes reveals intricate interactions among many hormonal processes. Ultimately, these pathways lead to hyperglycemia, pancreatic beta-cell failure, and the emergence of type 2 diabetes. The incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are now known to play major roles in endogenous glucose control, including regulation of insulin, glucagon, and hepatic glucose metabolism. Investigation of the incretin system has led to development of drugs that mimic or enhance the endogenous hormones, including GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. This supplement describes the role of incretin hormones in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and their potential as therapeutic targets for disease management. In addition, safety and efficacy profiles of the GLP-1 receptor agonists are reviewed, and the advantages and limitations of these medications are discussed from the perspective of promoting their successful implementation in individualized treatment regimens. As understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes advances, the number of new therapeutic approaches expands. GLP-1 receptor agonists address several aspects of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. A large body of data reveals the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of these drugs. A clear understanding of the evidence base for these drugs will translate into improved education of patients regarding their options to improve glycemic control and, ultimately, to better patient care.