Isolation and characterization of karlotoxin 1, a new amphipathic toxin from Karlodinium veneficum
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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Enrichment and Detection of Clostridium perfringens Toxinotypes in Retail Food Samples
Published on: October 18, 2019
Ryan M Van Wagoner1, Jonathan R Deeds, Masayuki Satake
1Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA.
Abstract:
The karlotoxins (KmTxs) are a family of compounds produced by the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum that cause membrane permeabilization. The structure of KmTx 1, determined using extensive 2D NMR spectroscopy, is very similar to the amphidinols and related compounds, though KmTx 1 features unique structural modifications of the conserved core region. The structure of KmTx 1 differs from that reported for KmTx 2, the only other reported karlotoxin to date, in lacking chlorination at its terminal alkene and possessing a hydrophobic arm that is two carbons longer.
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