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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

DNA methylation and cellular reprogramming.

Daniel D De Carvalho¹, Jueng Soo You, Peter A Jones

¹Department of Urology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Trends in Cell Biology

|September 3, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells reveals epigenome plasticity. DNA methylation is a key barrier, but agents like 5-azacytidine and AID/AICDA can overcome it, advancing stem cell biology and therapies.

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

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Published on: September 7, 2017

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An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C

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Area of Science:

Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology

Background:

Cellular reprogramming involves altering cell identity and epigenetic states.
The epigenome's plasticity allows somatic cells to regain pluripotency.
DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mark influencing cell fate.

Purpose of the Study:

To review epigenetic alterations during cellular reprogramming.
To emphasize the role of DNA methylation in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell generation.
To discuss factors enhancing reprogramming efficiency.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature on cellular reprogramming and epigenetics.
Focus on DNA methylation dynamics during the reprogramming process.
Analysis of the impact of demethylating agents and proteins on reprogramming efficiency.

Main Results:

DNA methylation presents a significant barrier to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell reprogramming.
Demethylating agents, such as 5-azacytidine, can improve iPS cell generation efficiency.
The protein activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID/AICDA) can remove DNA methylation at pluripotency gene promoters, facilitating reprogramming.

Conclusions:

Understanding epigenetic changes during reprogramming is crucial for advancing stem cell biology.
Targeting DNA methylation pathways can enhance cellular reprogramming.
Elucidation of these mechanisms holds promise for therapeutic applications of stem cells.