Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Multifactorial assessment of Parkinson's disease course and outcomes using trajectory modeling in a multiethnic, multisite cohort - extension of the LONG-PD study.

Frontiers in aging neuroscience·2023
Same author

Variable Effects of PD-Risk Associated SNPs and Variants in Parkinsonism-Associated Genes on Disease Phenotype in a Community-Based Cohort.

Frontiers in neurology·2021
Same author

Longitudinal Monitoring of Parkinson's Disease in Different Ethnic Cohorts: The DodoNA and LONG-PD Study.

Frontiers in neurology·2020
Same author

Paraneoplastic Puzzle: An Unusual Case of Hemichorea, Renal Cell Carcinoma, and LGI1 Antibody.

Movement disorders clinical practice·2018
Same author

Deep brain stimulation in nonparkinsonian movement disorders and emerging technologies, targets, and therapeutic promises in deep brain stimulation.

Neurologic clinics·2013
Same author

Dystonia.

Clinics in geriatric medicine·2006

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
10:41

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

Therapeutic challenges in dystonia.

Ninith Kartha1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Room 2700, Maywood, IL 60153, USA. nkartha@lumc.edu

Neurologic Clinics
|September 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Proper diagnosis and classification of dystonia are crucial for effective treatment. Therapeutic decisions consider symptom severity, pain, and impact, guiding interventions like therapy, medications, botulinum toxin, or surgery.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Dystonia presents with diverse clinical features and causes, necessitating accurate diagnosis and classification.
  • Understanding dystonia's etiology is key for appropriate therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical features, pathophysiology, and classification of dystonia.
  • To provide an overview of current therapeutic options for dystonia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical features, pathophysiology, and classification of dystonia.
  • Review of established and emerging treatment modalities.

Main Results:

  • Dystonia diagnosis and classification impact therapeutic decisions.
  • Primary dystonia management focuses on symptom alleviation.

More Related Videos

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons
09:51

Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons

Published on: January 29, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
10:41

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons
09:51

Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons

Published on: January 29, 2015

  • Secondary dystonia treatment targets the underlying cause.

    • Conclusions:

    • Treatment options for dystonia include physical/occupational therapy, medications, botulinum toxin, and surgery.
    • Tailoring treatment to dystonia type and severity is essential for optimal outcomes.