Management of diffuse low-grade cerebral gliomas

World Health Organization grade II gliomas (GIIG) are diffuse, slow-growing, primary neuroectodermal tumors that occur in the central nervous system. They are generally seen in young individuals and are slightly more common in Whites and males. Most patients present with seizures but neurologic deficits are rare. Magnetic resonance imaging best detects GIIG and they are most frequently located in the frontal and temporal lobes. An accurate pathologic diagnosis is essential because the natural history of a GIIG may be unpredictable. In recent years, the emphasis has been on surgically removing as much tumor as safely possible to obtain an accurate diagnosis, improve symptoms, reduce tumor burden, and determine the need for adjuvant therapies. Radiation and chemotherapy are integral to the management of GIIG but their efficacy varies by tumor histology and is balanced against complications associated with them. Genetic, histopathologic, clinical, and radiographic changes are noted as GIIG progress to malignant gliomas. The risk of malignant transformation and subsequent survival may be predicted by pretreatment and treatment-related factors.