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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer Prevention

Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
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Prostate cancer screening: current status and future perspectives.

Seth A Strope1, Gerald L Andriole

  • 1Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Siteman Cancer Center, 4960 Children's Place, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Nature Reviews. Urology
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Recent prostate cancer screening trials show mixed results. While PSA screening may influence stage migration, its impact on mortality is debated, leading to limited support for population-based screening.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Recent years have seen significant developments in prostate cancer screening, including long-term trial results and updated guidelines.
  • Two major trials, the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) and the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC), have evaluated screening's impact on mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in reducing prostate cancer mortality.
  • To assess the evidence for PSA screening's impact on stage and grade migration versus mortality patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of long-term results from two large randomized screening trials (PLCO and ERSPC).
  • Review of epidemiologic evidence regarding PSA screening's effects on cancer staging and mortality.

Main Results:

  • The PLCO trial found no benefit of screening in a community setting, while the ERSPC showed a modest benefit in a clinical trial setting.
  • Epidemiologic data suggest PSA screening contributes to stage and grade migration, but evidence for mortality reduction is equivocal.
  • Reductions in prostate cancer mortality, particularly in the USA, are likely multifactorial, involving treatment improvements alongside screening.

Conclusions:

  • There is limited support for population-based PSA screening among urologic and cancer prevention organizations due to equivocal mortality data and concerns about overdiagnosis/overtreatment.
  • Improving screening specificity to identify high-risk disease is crucial.
  • Promising strategies include 5alpha-reductase inhibitors and the development of novel urinary and genetic markers.