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Related Concept Videos

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that include the...
Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that include the...
Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow specific...
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism.

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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography
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Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography

Published on: September 20, 2016

Cryptand-like anion receptors.

Sung Ok Kang1, José M Llinares, Victor W Day

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA.

Chemical Society Reviews
|September 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Supramolecular host design has evolved from simple bicyclic structures to complex receptors for anions. These hosts, particularly cryptands, offer insights into anion coordination chemistry via hydrogen bonding.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Anion Recognition
  • Host-Guest Chemistry

Background:

  • The field of supramolecular hosts for anions originated with simple bicyclic structures known as katapinands.
  • The term cryptand was introduced for bicyclic compounds selective for alkaline-earth ions, paralleling anion host development.
  • Over 40 years, research has expanded to diverse hosts, including acyclic, monocyclic, and multicyclic receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of supramolecular host design, focusing on enclosed bicyclic cryptands for anion binding.
  • To compare early foundational work with recent advancements in anion receptor development.
  • To highlight the insights gained into anion coordination chemistry through these host systems.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of literature on supramolecular anion hosts.
  • Examination of key examples illustrating the historical development of host design.
  • Comparison of early and contemporary receptor architectures and their binding properties.

Main Results:

  • Supramolecular host design has progressed significantly, yielding receptors capable of binding various anions.
  • Anion-host complexes often exhibit coordination numbers analogous to transition-metal complexes.
  • Anion interactions with hosts predominantly involve hydrogen bonding, distinct from coordinate covalent bonds in metal complexes.

Conclusions:

  • Bicyclic cryptands represent a key class of supramolecular hosts for anions.
  • The study of these hosts provides valuable understanding of anion coordination chemistry.
  • Continued development in host design promises further advancements in anion recognition and sensing.