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Related Concept Videos

Stereoisomers02:32

Stereoisomers

On the basis of mirror symmetry, stereoisomers of an organic molecule can be further classified into diastereomers and enantiomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Substituted alkenes, such as the cis and trans isomers of 2-butene, are diastereomers, as these molecules exhibit different spatial orientations of their constituent atoms, are not mirror images of each other, and do not interconvert. Here, the interconversion is suppressed due to restricted...
Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
Chirality in Nature02:30

Chirality in Nature

Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid. The...
¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons00:58

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons

Replacing each alpha-hydrogen in chloroethane by bromine (or a different functional group) yields a pair of enantiomers. Such protons are called prochiral or enantiotopic and are related by a mirror plane. Enantiotopic protons are chemically equivalent in an achiral environment. Because most proton NMR spectra are recorded using achiral solvents, enantiotopic hydrogens yield a single signal.
In chiral compounds such as 2-butanol, replacing the methylene hydrogens at C3 produces a pair of...
Naming Enantiomers02:21

Naming Enantiomers

The naming of enantiomers employs the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules that involve assigning priorities to different substituent groups at a chiral center. Each enantiomer, being a distinct molecule, is assigned a unique name by the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) rules, also called the R–S system. The prefix R- or S- attached to the chiral centers in an enantiomer is dependent on the spatial arrangement of the four substituents on the chiral center. The R–S system essentially comprises three steps:...
Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

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Morphometric Analyses of Shape: The Analysis Software Toolbox for Craniofacial Shape Quantification in Zebrafish
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Morphometric Analyses of Shape: The Analysis Software Toolbox for Craniofacial Shape Quantification in Zebrafish

Published on: February 27, 2026

Enantiomorphs differ in shape in opposite directions between populations.

Y Nakadera1, C Sutcharit, T Ubukata

  • 1Department of Biology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|September 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Snail shell shapes are not mirror images, challenging developmental constraint theories. Genetic variations influence the polarity gene

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Morphometric Analyses of Shape: The Analysis Software Toolbox for Craniofacial Shape Quantification in Zebrafish
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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Developmental genetics

Background:

  • Dextral (right-handed) and sinistral (left-handed) snail morphs exhibit reversed development but not mirror-image shell shapes.
  • This discrepancy fuels debate between developmental constraint and zygotic pleiotropic effects of the snail's polarity gene.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic basis of shell shape variation between dextral and sinistral snail morphs.
  • To differentiate between developmental constraint and pleiotropic effects of the polarity gene on shell morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of shell shape in sympatric dextral and sinistral snail populations.
  • Population genetic analysis incorporating polygenes for shell shape.
  • Computer simulations modeling zygotic pleiotropy under varying genotype frequencies.

Main Results:

  • Shell shape differences between dextral and sinistral morphs varied across populations, contradicting a strict developmental constraint.
  • Simulations indicated that zygotic pleiotropy alone could not explain the observed interchiral differences across genotype frequencies.
  • Evidence suggests population-specific genetic variations modify the polarity gene's pleiotropic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Neither developmental constraint nor simple zygotic pleiotropy fully explains the shell shape divergence.
  • Population-specific genetic factors interacting with the polarity gene are crucial for understanding shell morphology.
  • Further research into maternal or zygotic effects of the polarity gene is warranted.