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Updated: Jun 9, 2026
Engineering and Evolution of Synthetic Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Gene Therapy Vectors via DNA Family Shuffling
Published on: April 2, 2012
Substitution of adeno-associated virus Rep protein binding and nicking sites with human chromosome 19 sequences
Victor J McAlister1, Roland A Owens
1Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Background:
Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) preferentially integrates its DNA at a ~2 kb region of human chromosome 19, designated AAVS1 (also known as MBS85). Integration at AAVS1 requires the AAV2 replication (Rep) proteins and a DNA sequence within AAVS1 containing a 16 bp Rep recognition sequence (RRS) and closely spaced Rep nicking site (also referred to as a terminal resolution site, or trs). The AAV2 genome is flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). Each ITR contains an RRS and closely spaced trs, but the sequences differ from those in AAVS1. These ITR sequences are required for replication and packaging.
Results:
In this study we demonstrate that the AAVS1 RRS and trs can function in AAV2 replication, packaging and integration by replacing a 61 bp region of the AAV2 ITR with a 49 bp segment of AAVS1 DNA. Modifying one or both ITRs did not have a large effect on the overall virus titers. These modifications did not detectably affect integration at AAVS1, as measured by semi-quantitative nested PCR assays. Sequencing of integration junctions shows the joining of the modified ITRs to AAVS1 sequences.
Conclusions:
The ability of these AAVS1 sequences to substitute for the AAV2 RRS and trs provides indirect evidence that the stable secondary structure encompassing the trs is part of the AAV2 packaging signal.
