Drivers of the paradigm shift in norovirus diagnostics: technological innovation, contextual demands, and...

This paper systematically reviews paradigm shifts in diagnostic technologies for norovirus. Given the substantial burden of acute gastroenteritis caused by this virus and the current lack of licensed antiviral therapies, early and accurate diagnosis is of paramount importance. Diagnostic technologies have evolved from electron microscopy and immunological assays to molecular detection methods, with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) currently recognized as the gold standard for molecular diagnostics. However, RT-qPCR is constrained by complex operational procedures, the need for specialized equipment, and limited suitability for rapid point-of-care applications. Emerging technologies, including isothermal amplification and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based technologies, have significantly improved diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and turnaround time. Nevertheless, challenges related to standardization, quality control, and contamination prevention remain to be addressed before their widespread implementation. Furthermore, this review proposes a stratified, scenario-adaptive diagnostic framework in which rapid immunochromatographic assays are used for preliminary screening in community settings, highly sensitive PCR-based or multiplex molecular methods are employed for clinical diagnosis in healthcare facilities, and digital PCR (dPCR) is applied for precise quantification in food safety and environmental monitoring. Looking ahead,, advances in norovirus diagnostics will increasingly rely on interdisciplinary collaboration to accelerate the development of integrated and intelligent point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms. In particular, biosensors based on molecular recognition technologies and microfluidic platforms, which offer advantages such as, simple operation, rapid processing and high stability, are among the promising approaches for achieving instrument-free, on-site "sample-in, result-out" diagnostics.