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One-Degree-of-Freedom System01:24

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles
09:27

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Published on: August 25, 2020

Sequential aiming with two limbs and the one-target advantage.

Michael A Khan1, Thomas M Mottram, Jos J Adam

  • 1School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, United Kingdom. m.khan@bangor.ac.uk

Journal of Motor Behavior
|September 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The 1-target movement advantage in sequential aiming tasks is a central process, not limb-specific. This finding suggests motor control originates centrally, impacting movement planning and execution.

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Area of Science:

  • Motor control
  • Human movement science
  • Cognitive neuroscience

Background:

  • Movement times to the first target in two-target sequences are slower than in single-target tasks.
  • This '1-target advantage' persists across various conditions, including hand preference and practice.
  • Existing theories propose central or peripheral origins for this phenomenon.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the 1-target movement time advantage.
  • To differentiate between central and peripheral explanations of the 1-target advantage.
  • To test the predictions of the movement integration hypothesis.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed single-target aiming movements.
  • Participants performed two-target sequential aiming movements using a single limb.
  • Participants performed two-target sequential aiming movements, switching limbs at the first target.

Main Results:

  • A significant 1-target advantage was observed in movement time for both single-limb and dual-limb sequential aiming.
  • Reaction time and movement time data were analyzed to compare conditions.
  • The magnitude of the 1-target advantage did not differ between single-limb and dual-limb conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The 1-target advantage in sequential aiming is not dependent on the limb used.
  • These findings support a central origin for the increased movement time in two-target sequences.
  • The results suggest that motor planning processes are central and precede peripheral execution.