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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
12:42

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

Improved endpoints for cancer immunotherapy trials.

Axel Hoos1, Alexander M M Eggermont, Sylvia Janetzki

  • 1Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium of the Cancer Research Institute, New York, NY, USA. axel.hoos@bms.com

Journal of the National Cancer Institute
|September 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Cancer immunotherapies require new clinical trial endpoints. Recommendations focus on harmonizing immune response assays, defining immune-related response criteria, and using novel statistical models for improved trial design and evaluation.

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High-Throughput Automated Multiplex Immunofluorescence Assays for Translational Research
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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Published on: January 7, 2019

High-Throughput Automated Multiplex Immunofluorescence Assays for Translational Research
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High-Throughput Automated Multiplex Immunofluorescence Assays for Translational Research

Published on: June 10, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Oncology
  • Clinical Trial Design

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapies engage the immune system, exhibiting distinct kinetics compared to traditional chemotherapy.
  • Established clinical trial endpoints may not adequately capture the unique response patterns of immunotherapies.
  • Prior initiatives (2004-2009) by the Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium highlighted the need for a revised development paradigm.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new development paradigm for cancer immunotherapy clinical trials.
  • To recommend novel endpoints for evaluating immunotherapy efficacy.
  • To address the limitations of existing trial designs and evaluation metrics.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic evaluation of an immunotherapy-focused clinical development paradigm.
  • Generation of clinical and laboratory data to support novel endpoint recommendations.
  • Development of immune-related response criteria and altered statistical models.

Main Results:

  • Harmonization of cellular immune response assays is recommended to minimize variability and establish reproducible biomarkers.
  • New immune-related response criteria were defined to capture novel antitumor response patterns.
  • Altered statistical models accounting for delayed curve separation are proposed for improved Phase III trial planning.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed recommendations offer improved tools for cancer immunotherapy trials.
  • These advancements facilitate a more realistic and useful model for clinical investigation.
  • The redefined endpoints aim to better reflect the efficacy of immunotherapies.