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Related Concept Videos

Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although vasectomy...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview

Modified-release dosage forms are designed to address the limitations of drugs with short biological half-lives. These forms maintain stable therapeutic drug concentrations over extended periods, reducing the need for frequent dosing. A consistent drug level helps minimize peak-trough fluctuations, which can reduce adverse effects, lower the risk of drug resistance, and improve overall treatment effectiveness.One common type of modified-release form is the extended-release (ER) formulation. ER...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Auricular Point Acupressure Therapy: A Safe and Effective Treatment for Postsurgical Abortion Recovery
07:28

Auricular Point Acupressure Therapy: A Safe and Effective Treatment for Postsurgical Abortion Recovery

Published on: February 3, 2026

Emergency contraception: past, present and future.

M Cremer1, R Masch

  • 1Beth Israel Hospital, NY, USA. Miriam.cremer@gmail.com

Minerva Ginecologica
|September 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emergency contraception (EC) has been used for decades, but inconsistent use limits its impact on abortion rates. Newer methods may offer improved effectiveness and safety for preventing unwanted pregnancies.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Emergency contraception (EC) has been available for decades.
  • Population studies indicate inconsistent EC use, potentially limiting its effect on abortion rates.
  • Adolescents demonstrate comprehension of EC instructions and do not exhibit increased risky behaviors with its use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the history and evolving methods of emergency contraception.
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of various EC formulations.
  • To highlight EC as a critical option for preventing unwanted pregnancies, especially in specific populations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and contemporary EC methods.
  • Analysis of population studies on EC access and utilization.
  • Examination of evidence regarding EC use in special populations, including adolescents and sexual assault victims.

Main Results:

  • Increased EC access has not demonstrably decreased abortion rates due to inconsistent use.
  • Adolescents are capable of understanding and using EC appropriately without behavioral changes.
  • Limited evidence suggests EC should be more routinely offered to sexual assault survivors.

Conclusions:

  • EC remains a vital tool for preventing unintended pregnancies.
  • Emerging EC medications, such as antiprogestins and cyclooxygenase inhibitors, show promise for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects.
  • Optimizing EC effectiveness and minimizing side effects is crucial for its role as a last-resort pregnancy prevention method.