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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
07:56

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

Published on: October 10, 2020

Throwing elbow in adults.

Hugue A Ouellette1, William Palmer, Martin Torriani

  • 1Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. haouellette@partners.org

Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology
|September 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biomechanics explain injuries in overhead throwing athletes. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging aids in assessing elbow damage caused by repetitive valgus forces, common in throwing motions.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Biomechanics are crucial for understanding throwing athlete injuries.
  • Repetitive valgus forces at the elbow cause specific injuries.
  • Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a key diagnostic tool.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the role of biomechanics in throwing injuries.
  • To detail the pathophysiology of elbow injuries in overhead athletes.
  • To emphasize the utility of MR imaging in evaluating these injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of biomechanical principles in overhead throwing.
  • Analysis of injury mechanisms related to valgus stress.
  • Discussion of MR imaging findings in throwing elbow pathologies.

Main Results:

  • Repetitive valgus forces lead to medial distraction and lateral compression.
  • Rotatory forces at the olecranon are significant injury factors.
  • MR imaging effectively visualizes soft tissue and bone abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding throwing biomechanics is essential for diagnosing elbow injuries.
  • MR imaging provides detailed anatomical assessment of the throwing elbow.
  • This knowledge aids in the management of overhead throwing athletes.