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Related Concept Videos

Symbiosis00:58

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
Epiphytes, Parasites, and Carnivores02:40

Epiphytes, Parasites, and Carnivores

Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the biosynthesis of the...
Microbial Interactions: Mutualism01:25

Microbial Interactions: Mutualism

Mutualism is a symbiotic interaction in which all participating organisms benefit. These relationships can be obligate or facultative and are fundamental to ecosystem functions across diverse biological systems.Plant–Fungi MutualismOne well-known example is the association between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi, such as Rhizophagus species. The fungal hyphae penetrate the root hairs and the epidermis, forming an extensive hyphal network that establishes a symbiotic association. Through this...
Microbial Interactions: Cooperation01:26

Microbial Interactions: Cooperation

Microbial cooperation involves beneficial interactions in which different species work together for individual or mutual advantage. These interactions can profoundly influence ecological dynamics and evolutionary processes, and they are essential to many pathogenic and symbiotic relationships.Nematode–Bacteria CooperationA striking example is the relationship between the Gram-negative bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila and the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Juvenile nematodes...
Microbial Interactions: Parasitism01:22

Microbial Interactions: Parasitism

Parasitism is a form of microbial interaction in which parasitic microbes exploit a host organism for nutrients and shelter, often at the host's expense. Unlike mutualistic relationships, where both organisms benefit, parasitism benefits only the parasite and harms the host.Classification of ParasitesMicrobial parasites are broadly classified based on their location relative to the host.Ectoparasites remain on the host’s surface, such as the skin or outer tissues, drawing nutrients...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Visualizing Bacteria in Nematodes using Fluorescent Microscopy
09:02

Visualizing Bacteria in Nematodes using Fluorescent Microscopy

Published on: October 19, 2012

Common and not so common symbiotic entry.

Mark Held1, Md Shakhawat Hossain, Keisuke Yokota

  • 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario NV5 4T3, Canada.

Trends in Plant Science
|September 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant genes are crucial for accommodating nitrogen-fixing bacteria, distinct from symbiotic fungi. Lotus japonicus mutants reveal specific bacterial entry requirements, suggesting complex plant accommodation mechanisms.

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Investigation of Plant Interactions Across Common Mycorrhizal Networks Using Rotated Cores
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Investigation of Plant Interactions Across Common Mycorrhizal Networks Using Rotated Cores

Published on: March 26, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Visualizing Bacteria in Nematodes using Fluorescent Microscopy
09:02

Visualizing Bacteria in Nematodes using Fluorescent Microscopy

Published on: October 19, 2012

Investigation of Plant Interactions Across Common Mycorrhizal Networks Using Rotated Cores
09:17

Investigation of Plant Interactions Across Common Mycorrhizal Networks Using Rotated Cores

Published on: March 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Plant-microbe interactions
  • Molecular plant pathology
  • Symbiotic plant genetics

Background:

  • Legumes accommodate nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi via common symbiosis pathways.
  • Specific plant genes are necessary for bacterial entry into host roots, independent of AM fungi colonization.
  • The symbiotic mutants nap1 and pir1 in Lotus japonicus impair bacterial accommodation but not AM fungal colonization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze Lotus japonicus nap1 and pir1 mutants in the context of bacterial accommodation.
  • To delineate early signaling events in bacterial versus AM symbioses.
  • To propose a more intricate model for plant intracellular bacterial accommodation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of symbiotic mutants (nap1, pir1) in Lotus japonicus.
  • Examination of plant gene functions in bacterial and fungal symbiosis.
  • Review of existing literature on plant-microbe signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • A clear distinction exists in early signaling events between bacterial and AM symbioses.
  • Specific plant genes are required for intracellular bacterial accommodation, not shared with AM fungi.
  • Mutations affecting bacterial entry do not impede AM fungal root colonization.

Conclusions:

  • Plant intracellular accommodation of bacteria involves distinct genetic pathways compared to AM fungi.
  • Early symbiotic signaling differs significantly between bacterial and fungal partners.
  • The plant's capacity for intracellular bacterial accommodation has a complex evolutionary origin.