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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Joule-Thomson Effect01:21

Joule-Thomson Effect

The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
This experiment forces high-pressure gas through a throttle valve or a porous plug to a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it passes through to...
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred to as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials
05:20

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

Published on: January 26, 2014

Interface effects in thermal conduction through molecular junctions: Numerical simulations.

Yun Zhou1, Dvira Segal

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Chemical Physics Theory Group, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|September 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Molecular junctions show thermal conductance depends on vibrational spectrum mismatch. Dissimilar spectra control heat current and optimize thermal rectification properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Understanding thermal transport at the nanoscale is crucial for designing advanced materials and devices.
  • Solid-molecule-solid junctions present unique challenges for heat transfer due to vibrational mismatch.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors governing thermal conductance in solid-molecule-solid junctions.
  • To explore the role of vibrational spectra mismatch on heat current.
  • To optimize thermal rectification properties of molecular junctions.

Main Methods:

  • Langevin-type classical molecular dynamics simulations were employed.
  • Colored thermal noises with analytic correlation functions simulated solid interfaces.
  • Analysis considered both harmonic and anharmonic molecular potentials.

Main Results:

  • Vibrational spectrum dissimilarity between molecules and solids significantly impacts thermal conductance.
  • This dissimilarity affects both the magnitude and chain-length dependence of heat current.
  • Distinct spectral functions of reservoirs were used to tune thermal rectification.

Conclusions:

  • The vibrational properties of interfacing materials critically determine heat transport in molecular junctions.
  • Tailoring spectral functions offers a pathway to engineer and enhance thermal rectification.