Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

DNA Microarrays

DNA Microarrays

Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...

What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...

What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Preoperative Manual Detorsion in Children With Intravaginal Testicular Torsion: A Single-Center Experience.

World journal of surgery·2026

Same author

Humoral and Cellular Immune Response in Patients with Hematological Disorders After Three Doses of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine: A Single-Center Observational Study.

Vaccines·2026

Same author

Cognitive and fine motor performance in people above 65 years of age with and without HIV.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

An individual participant data meta-analysis of how physical activity relates to affective well-being in daily life.

Nature human behaviour·2026

Same author

Plaque disclosing agent as a guide in biofilm removal in patients with fixed orthodontic appliance: a randomized clinical trial.

Odontology·2026

Same author

SR2P: an efficient stacking method to predict protein abundance from gene expression in spatial transcriptomics data.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same journal

Mapping the 3D Chromosome Organization of a Biosynthetic Gene Cluster by Capture Hi-C (CHi-C).

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Mapping the 3D Chromosome Organization of Streptomyces by Hi-C.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

CUT&Tag Epigenomic Profiling of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Rhizobium rhizogenes-Mediated Hairy Root Transformation Protocol for Lotus japonicus and Other Legumes.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Characterization of Bioactive Saponins from Sea Cucumbers.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Methods for Functional Validation of Terpenoid Metabolic Clusters in Nicotiana benthamiana and Aspergillus oryzae.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Published on: May 21, 2019

Normalization of gene-expression microarray data.

Stefano Calza¹, Yudi Pawitan

¹Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|September 14, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Expression microarrays indirectly measure mRNA by quantifying labeled molecules. This study details essential preprocessing and normalization steps for accurate transcript expression analysis using common platforms.

More Related Videos

Global Gene Expression Analysis Using a Zebrafish Oligonucleotide Microarray Platform

Global Gene Expression Analysis Using a Zebrafish Oligonucleotide Microarray Platform

Published on: August 10, 2009

DNA Microarrays: Sample Quality Control, Array Hybridization and Scanning

DNA Microarrays: Sample Quality Control, Array Hybridization and Scanning

Published on: March 15, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer

Published on: May 21, 2019

Global Gene Expression Analysis Using a Zebrafish Oligonucleotide Microarray Platform

Global Gene Expression Analysis Using a Zebrafish Oligonucleotide Microarray Platform

Published on: August 10, 2009

DNA Microarrays: Sample Quality Control, Array Hybridization and Scanning

DNA Microarrays: Sample Quality Control, Array Hybridization and Scanning

Published on: March 15, 2011

Area of Science:

Bioinformatics
Molecular Biology
Genomics

Background:

Expression microarrays quantify messenger RNA (mRNA) levels indirectly.
This quantification relies on measuring color intensities from labeled mRNA bound to array surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce fundamental concepts and methods for microarray data preprocessing and normalization.
To illustrate these techniques using data from three commercial microarray platforms.

Main Methods:

Explaining the indirect quantification of mRNA via labeled molecules.
Detailing the computational steps involved in translating pixel intensities to transcript expression.
Demonstrating methods with real-world data from commercial platforms.

Main Results:

Provides a foundational understanding of microarray data processing.
Illustrates practical application of normalization techniques.
Highlights considerations for commonly used commercial platforms.

Conclusions:

Preprocessing and normalization are critical for accurate microarray data interpretation.
Understanding these computational steps is essential for researchers using expression microarrays.
The chapter offers a practical guide for analyzing data from popular microarray systems.