Mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and roles in regenerative medicine

Adult stem cells with multi or unipotent differentiation potential are present in almost all tissues of adult organisms. The main function of these stem cells is to support normal repair and rejuvenation of diseased and aging tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the bone marrow have the potential to differentiate into multiple connective tissues. Advancements in understanding tissue specific differentiation of MSCs in conjunction with global genomic and proteomic profiling of MSCs have not only provided insights into their biology but also made MSC based clinical trials a reality for treating various debilitating diseases and genetic disorders. The emerging evidence that MSCs are immunosuppressive makes them an even more attractive candidate for regenerative medicine as rejections of transplants by the recipient could be a limiting step for moving the stem cells based therapies from "bedside to bed side." To a large extent the therapeutic potential of MSCs is attributed to their differentiation ability. The fate and commitment of MSCs are regulated by various instructive signals from their immediate vicinity or microenvironment, which comprises many biological molecules (soluble and insoluble) and biomechanical forces. These biochemical and biophysical factors play a pivotal role in determining the efficacy of MSC differentiation and their contribution to the repair process. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of MSCs, their differentiation potential toward different skeletal tissues (cartilage and bone), and their emerging role in regenerative medicine.