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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
Some...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Is the decrease in breast cancer incidence related to a decrease in postmenopausal hormone therapy?

A Gompel1, G Plu-Bureau

  • 1Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France. anne.gompel@htd.aphp.fr

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|September 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The decline in breast cancer rates after 2007 may not solely be due to reduced hormone therapy. Other factors like improved screening and changing risk profiles also play a significant role.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) publication in 2002 led to a global decrease in hormone therapy use for postmenopausal women.
  • A subsequent decline in breast cancer incidence was observed starting in 2007.
  • This decline has been widely attributed to the reduction in hormone replacement therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the link between reduced hormone therapy and declining breast cancer rates.
  • To explore alternative explanations for the observed decrease in breast cancer incidence.
  • To emphasize the impact of screening and other risk factors on breast cancer trends.

Main Methods:

  • Ecological study analysis.
  • Review of epidemiological data on hormone therapy use and breast cancer incidence.
  • Assessment of the influence of screening practices and risk factor variations.

Main Results:

  • Ecological observations linking hormone therapy reduction to breast cancer decline are not fully convincing.
  • Variations in breast cancer screening protocols may contribute to incidence changes.
  • Shifts in other established risk factors for breast cancer warrant consideration.

Conclusions:

  • The decrease in breast cancer incidence post-2007 is likely multifactorial.
  • Relying solely on hormone therapy reduction as the cause is an oversimplification.
  • Further research should incorporate screening and risk factor dynamics for accurate interpretation.