Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...

Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells

Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells

After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
However, failure of such a system...

Muscles for Facial Expressions

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role of...

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Laser and Energy-Based Devices in Aesthetic Practice: A 10-Year Single-Surgeon Review of Treatments, Complications, and Same-Practice Surgical Crossover.

Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum·2026

Same author

Buccal Fat Suspension: Not Just a Lift-Restoring the Foundational Anatomy of a Youthful Cheek.

Aesthetic surgery journal·2026

Same author

Development of a Core Outcome Domain Set for Facial Aging.

JAMA dermatology·2026

Same author

Randomized Phase 2b Trial of CBL-514 Injection for Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Reduction With Clinician- and Patient-reported Outcomes and MRI Assessment.

Aesthetic surgery journal·2026

Same author

Setting the Standard for Peer-Reviewed Published Studies on Regenerative Products in Aesthetic Medicine and Post-Procedure Wound Care.

Journal of cosmetic dermatology·2026

Same author

Professional Outcomes Following The Aesthetic Society-Endorsed Aesthetic Surgery Fellowships: A Single Program Fellowship Review and National Survey.

Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum·2026

Same journal

Dorsal Width and Functional Outcomes with use of Autospreader Flaps in Cosmetic Rhinoplasty.

Aesthetic surgery journal·2026

Same journal

Non-contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography Versus Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography in Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) Flap Planning: A 4-year Non-inferiority Cohort Study.

Aesthetic surgery journal·2026

Same journal

Clinical Evidence and Commercial Landscape of Topical Exosomes for Skin Rejuvenation: A Scoping Review.

Aesthetic surgery journal·2026

Same journal

Subdomal Graft Control of Nasal Tip Aesthetics: A Long-term Digital Photographic Evaluation.

Aesthetic surgery journal·2026

Same journal

A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose Ranging, Parallel, Multi-Centre, Phase II Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of MT921 in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Submental Fat.

Aesthetic surgery journal·2026

Same journal

Treatment Satisfaction, Improvements in Jawline Definition, and Psychosocial Impact With OnabotulinumtoxinA for Platysma Prominence: Patient-Reported Outcomes From 2 Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Studies.

Aesthetic surgery journal·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Enhancement of Facial Rejuvenation Through a Combination of 1565 nm Non-Ablative Fractional Laser with 30% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid

Enhancement of Facial Rejuvenation Through a Combination of 1565 nm Non-Ablative Fractional Laser with 30% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid

Published on: September 27, 2024

Update on facial aging.

Rebecca Fitzgerald¹, Miles H Graivier, Michael Kane

¹University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Aesthetic Surgery Journal

|September 17, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Facial aging involves more than gravity; it includes changes in muscle, bone, skin, and compartmentalized fat. Understanding this complexity enhances facial rejuvenation techniques.

More Related Videos

Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry

Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry

Published on: December 9, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Enhancement of Facial Rejuvenation Through a Combination of 1565 nm Non-Ablative Fractional Laser with 30% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid

Enhancement of Facial Rejuvenation Through a Combination of 1565 nm Non-Ablative Fractional Laser with 30% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid

Published on: September 27, 2024

Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry

Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry

Published on: December 9, 2025

Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Anatomy
Gerontology

Background:

Historically, facial aging was attributed solely to gravity's effect on skin and a continuous facial fat sheet.
Previous understanding overlooked the intricate role of deeper facial structures in the aging process.

Purpose of the Study:

To re-evaluate the established concepts of facial aging.
To explore the anatomical basis of age-related facial changes beyond superficial layers.
To investigate the structure of facial fat in the context of aging.

Main Methods:

Review of historical and recent scientific literature on facial anatomy and aging.
Analysis of anatomical studies investigating facial fat distribution.
Examination of evidence supporting changes in muscle, bone, and compartmentalized fat.

Main Results:

Facial aging is a multifactorial process involving skin, muscle, bone, and fat.
Facial fat is not a single, continuous sheet but exists in distinct compartments.
Recent research confirms and expands upon earlier proposals regarding the complex nature of facial aging.

Conclusions:

The compartmentalization of facial fat is a key finding in understanding facial aging.
This improved understanding of facial anatomy facilitates the development of more effective facial rejuvenation procedures.
Age-related changes in facial structures necessitate a comprehensive approach to aesthetic restoration.