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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
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Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
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Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
07:00

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: October 13, 2016

How common are behavioural changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

Patricia Lillo1, Eneida Mioshi, Margaret C Zoing

  • 1Neuroscience Research Australia and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South of Wales, Australia.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis : Official Publication of the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases
|September 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients frequently experience behavioral changes, particularly apathy. A significant minority meet criteria for frontotemporal dementia (FTD), highlighting the need for comprehensive assessment.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Behavioral changes are increasingly recognized in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Distinguishing between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) can be challenging due to overlapping symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of behavioral changes in patients diagnosed with ALS.
  • To compare the clinical and behavioral profiles of ALS patients with those of bvFTD patients.

Main Methods:

  • A postal survey was conducted with 92 patients with ALS and their carers.
  • ALS patients completed self-report measures for motor function and mood.
  • Carers of ALS (n=81) and bvFTD (n=25) patients completed the revised Cambridge Behavioural Inventory (CBI-R).

Main Results:

  • Reduced motivation (apathy) was observed in over 80% of ALS patients, with 41% experiencing moderate-severe apathy.
  • Approximately 20% of ALS patients exhibited moderate-severe abnormal, stereotypical, or motor behaviors.
  • 11% of ALS patients met diagnostic criteria for FTD; bvFTD patients showed significantly more behavioral symptoms across all domains.

Conclusions:

  • Apathy is the most common behavioral feature in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  • A substantial proportion of ALS patients display behavioral changes characteristic of frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
  • The findings underscore the importance of assessing behavioral symptoms in ALS for accurate diagnosis and management.