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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

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Published on: June 5, 2016

Individual differences in reward-prediction-error: extraversion and feedback-related negativity.

Luke D Smillie1, Andrew J Cooper, Alan D Pickering

  • 1Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, SE14 6NW, UK. l.smillie@gold.ac.uk

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
|September 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The feedback-related negativity (FRN) brain signal is stronger in extraverts, suggesting personality traits influence reward processing. This may be linked to dopamine system variations, impacting how individuals respond to rewards and non-rewards.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Genetics

Background:

  • The feedback-related negativity (FRN) is a medial frontal negativity observed ~200-300 ms post-stimulus.
  • FRN is modulated by reward prediction errors, with attenuated responses to unpredicted rewards and potentiated responses to unpredicted non-rewards.
  • This suggests FRN may reflect dopaminergic reward-prediction-error signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of extraversion and the DRD2/ANKK1 gene polymorphism on FRN.
  • To examine how these factors affect reward processing during associative learning.

Main Methods:

  • EEG recording of FRN during an associative reward-learning paradigm.
  • Assessment of personality traits (extraversion) and DRD2/ANKK1 gene polymorphism.
  • Analysis of FRN differences between predicted and unpredicted reward/non-reward outcomes.

Main Results:

  • FRN was most negative for unpredicted non-rewards and least negative for unpredicted rewards.
  • The difference wave (unpredicted non-reward minus unpredicted reward) was significantly larger in extraverted participants compared to introverts.
  • A trend for a larger difference wave was observed in carriers of the A1 allele of the DRD2/ANKK1 gene.
  • Extraversion was positively correlated with carrying the A1 allele.

Conclusions:

  • Extraversion significantly modulates the FRN response, indicating a stronger sensitivity to reward prediction errors in extraverted individuals.
  • The findings suggest a link between personality, reward processing, and dopaminergic function, potentially influenced by the DRD2/ANKK1 gene.
  • This research has implications for understanding individual differences in reward sensitivity and dopamine system function.