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Related Concept Videos

Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
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Echo01:06

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
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Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Simultaneous Evaluation of Cerebral Hemodynamics and Light Scattering Properties of the In Vivo Rat Brain Using Multispectral Diffuse Reflectance Imaging
07:06

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Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. II Bidirectional aspects.

A Morel, B Gentili

    Applied Optics
    |September 22, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Oceanic waters rarely have a fully diffuse light field, impacting satellite remote sensing. Bidirectional reflectance factors (Q and f) depend on water properties and sun angle, crucial for interpreting ocean color signals.

    Area of Science:

    • Ocean Optics
    • Remote Sensing
    • Radiative Transfer

    Background:

    • Oceanic waters exhibit non-isotropic radiant fields due to insufficient single scattering albedo.
    • Upwelling and water-leaving radiances are generally not isotropic, affecting remote sensing interpretations.
    • Bidirectional reflectance and global reflectance are influenced by water optical properties and solar geometry.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the factors controlling non-isotropic radiance in oceanic waters.
    • To analyze the angular dependence of upwelling radiance and global reflectance.
    • To understand variations in satellite-observed ocean color signals under different conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized an azimuth-dependent Monte Carlo code to simulate radiative transfer.

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  • Studied the Q factor (irradiance to radiance ratio) and f factor (reflectance magnitude).
  • Examined these factors as functions of water optical characteristics (single scattering albedo ?, scattering ratio η) and solar illumination.

    • Main Results:

    • The Q and f factors, along with their ratio (f/Q), were analyzed for various oceanic conditions.
    • Results considered realistic scenarios including chlorophyll variations and atmospheric turbidity.
    • The study focused on geometrical conditions relevant to satellite ocean color sensors.

    Conclusions:

    • Non-isotropic radiance and bidirectional reflectance are significant in oceanic waters.
    • The Q and f factors are crucial for accurately interpreting satellite-derived ocean color data.
    • Understanding these factors enhances the interpretation of oceanic signals observed from space.