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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Overview of Microscopy Techniques01:22

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
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Soft-x-ray projection lithography experiments using Schwarzschild imaging optics.

D A Tichenor, G D Kubiak, M E Malinowski

    Applied Optics
    |September 22, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study demonstrates soft X-ray projection imaging using a 14-nm laser plasma source and a specialized condenser. Aberrations were analyzed, and a new Schwarzschild housing was developed for enhanced stability.

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    Published on: May 27, 2008

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • X-ray Imaging Technology

    Background:

    • Soft X-ray (SXR) imaging offers high resolution for various applications.
    • Developing efficient and stable SXR imaging systems remains a challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate soft X-ray projection imaging using a 14-nm laser plasma source.
    • To characterize aberrations in optical components and assess their impact on imaging.
    • To introduce a novel Schwarzschild housing for improved system stability.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized 14-nm radiation from a laser plasma source.
    • Employed a single-surface multilayer-coated ellipsoidal condenser for illumination.
    • Characterized optical aberrations in the condenser and Schwarzschild objective.
    • Designed and implemented a new Schwarzschild housing.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully demonstrated soft X-ray projection imaging.
    • Quantified aberrations in the ellipsoidal condenser and Schwarzschild objective.
    • Correlated aberrations with observed imaging performance.
    • The new housing improved alignment stability.

    Conclusions:

    • 14-nm laser plasma sources are viable for SXR projection imaging.
    • Understanding and mitigating optical aberrations are crucial for high-quality SXR imaging.
    • The developed Schwarzschild housing enhances the stability and performance of SXR imaging systems.