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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
10:18

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Published on: February 21, 2017

Soft-x-ray projection imaging with a 1:1 ring-field optic.

A A Macdowell, J E Bjorkholm, K Early

    Applied Optics
    |September 22, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study demonstrates soft-x-ray projection imaging using a novel optic. The molybdenum/silicon optic achieved a resolution of approximately 0.2 µm for imaging at 12.9 nm wavelength.

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    X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
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    X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

    Published on: September 11, 2011

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    Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

    Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
    10:18

    Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

    Published on: February 21, 2017

    X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
    08:30

    X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

    Published on: September 11, 2011

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Soft X-ray Microscopy
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Soft X-ray projection imaging requires advanced optical systems for high-resolution applications.
    • Molybdenum/silicon multilayer coatings are crucial for reflective optics operating at extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray wavelengths.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the performance of a 1:1 ring-field optic coated with molybdenum/silicon for soft X-ray projection imaging.
    • To determine the imaging resolution and contrast achievable at a wavelength of 12.9 nm.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a molybdenum/silicon multilayer-coated 1:1 ring-field optic with a numerical aperture of 0.0835.
    • Employed undulator radiation at 12.9 nm for soft X-ray projection imaging experiments.
    • Experimentally assessed the imaging resolution of the optic.

    Main Results:

    • The ring-field optic successfully performed soft X-ray projection imaging at 12.9 nm.
    • The experimentally determined useful resolution of the optic was approximately 0.2 µm.
    • Substrate figuring errors are suggested as a potential cause for the observed resolution limit, which was below the ideal target.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed molybdenum/silicon optic shows promise for soft X-ray imaging applications.
    • Further improvements in substrate fabrication are necessary to achieve the ideal resolution for 0.1-µm feature imaging.
    • The study highlights the practical challenges and achievements in high-resolution soft X-ray optics.