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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Spinal Hernia Repair and Cauda Equina Repositioning After Lumbar Decompression under Three-Dimensional Microscopy: A Case Report and Literature Review
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Spinal Hernia Repair and Cauda Equina Repositioning After Lumbar Decompression under Three-Dimensional Microscopy: A Case Report and Literature Review

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Clear cell ependymoma occurring in the cauda equina.

Dong Joon Kim1, Tae Wan Kim, Yoonjung Kim

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul Veterans Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
|September 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This case study reports a rare clear cell ependymoma in the cauda equina. Surgical removal of this spinal tumor successfully relieved the patient's lower back pain.

Keywords:
Cauda equinaClear cell ependymoma

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Spinal Hernia Repair and Cauda Equina Repositioning After Lumbar Decompression under Three-Dimensional Microscopy: A Case Report and Literature Review
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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Spinal Surgery

Background:

  • Clear cell ependymoma is a rare subtype of ependymoma, typically found in the central nervous system.
  • Cauda equina tumors, while uncommon, can present with varied neurological symptoms.

Observation:

  • A 54-year-old male presented with intermittent lower back pain.
  • Neurological examination revealed no motor or sensory deficits.
  • MRI identified a 1.0 cm intradural mass at the filum terminale.

Findings:

  • The intradural mass was surgically resected via L1 and L2 laminectomy.
  • Histopathological examination confirmed the tumor as clear cell ependymoma.
  • Complete tumor resection was achieved.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering rare spinal tumors in the differential diagnosis of lower back pain.
  • Successful surgical management of clear cell ependymoma in the cauda equina can lead to symptom resolution.
  • Further research into the specific characteristics and treatment of spinal clear cell ependymomas is warranted.